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Content
  • CLIMIT funded studies
  • TCM funded studies
  • Full-scale Mongstad (CCM) funded studies
  • Phase 1
  • Phase 2

HSE Studies

Studies of amines, nitrosamines and nitramines and how they can occur in amine-based CO2 capture were initiated in Norway as early as 2007. Here is a collection of studies financed through the various parts of Gassnova.

A lot of work has been undertaken to find solutions to this challenge.

Since it became evident that amines could undergo photochemical reactions with free radicals and NOx in the atmosphere to form nitrosamines and nitramines, emissions of amines have been high on the agenda for Norwegian environmental authorities. Some nitrosamines and nitramines have shown carcinogenic effects in animal studies, thus spreading in the environment is not acceptable and should be limited.

Studies on these compounds and how they are linked to amine-based CO2-capture were initiated as early as in 2007 and results of this work co-funded through the different parts of Gassnova ca be found in the linked documentation below.

CLIMIT funded studies

CLIMIT cofunded the first set of studies from 2008. These studies started up as literature surveys (NILU phase 1) to map available knowledge on the subject and developed further to test properties of amines with respect to formation of nitrosamines and nitramines under capture and atmospheric conditions as well as toxicity and degradation of nitrosamines and nitramines in the environment. The two reports which summarize this comprehensive work best are:

Amine emissions to air during carbon capture. Phase I: CO2 and amines screening study for effects to the environment.

Atmospheric Degradation of Amines (ADA): Summary report from atmospheric chemistry studies of amines, nitrosamines, nitramines and amides.

TCM funded studies

Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM) were supposed to start up its test activities around 2010, a.o. amine-based CO2 capture. A discharge permit was required for both amines, nitrosamines and nitramines. Thus, the urgent work was to acquire enough information and background to get such a permit from the authorities.

Several studies were conducted to improve the understanding of the atmospheric chemistry of amines as well as the environmental faith and pathways of Nitramines and Nitrosamines.

Reports from the TCM funded studies can be read at TCM’s homepage.

Full-scale Mongstad (CCM) funded studies

The full scale Mongstad project (CCM) started up in 2009. Technologies were supposed to be qualified for CO2 capture at the CCGT plant at Mongstad and amine technology was the most mature solution.

A comprehensive work was initiated to establish a technology qualification program with the aim of documenting amine capture being a safe solution for CO2 capture. The project was terminated in 2013 but the most important results of this project – a set of more than 60 reports concerning amines, nitrosamine and nitramines – are listed below.

Phase 1

Sampling and analysis

  • Design of emission sampling points_CSIRO
  • Design of emission sampling points_Rambøll
  • Design of emission sampling points_SINTEF
  • Establish analytical procedures_CSIRO
  • Establish analytical procedures_Rambøll
  • Literature survey analytical procedures_CSIRO
  • Literature survey analytical procedures_Rambøll
  • Literature survey analytical procedures_SINTEF
  • Online sampling and analysis_CSIRO
  • Online sampling and analysis_Rambøll
  • Online sampling and analysis_SINTEF
  • Procedures for manual sampling_CSIRO
  • Procedures for manual sampling_Rambøll
  • Procedures for manual sampling_SINTEF

Process and atmospheric chemistry

  • Atmospheric Formation_TELTEK
  • Atmospheric Formation_CSIRO
  • Nitrosamine and Nitramine formation chemistry_YALE
  • Process and Atmospheric Formation_SINTEF
  • Process Formation_TELTEK
  • Process Formation_CSIRO
  • Test Protocol Evaluation of Solvents_SINTEF
  • Test Protocol Evaluation of Solvents_CSIRO
  • Test Protocol Evaluation of Solvents_TELTEK

Emission Dispersion Modelling

  • Modelling Atmospheric Dispersion_DNV
  • Modelling Atmospheric Dispersion_CERC
  • Modelling Atmospheric Dispersion_NILU

Emission Reduction Techniques

  • Emission Reducing Technologies_SINTEF

Toxicology

  • Alternative approach to toxicity testing_NILU
  • Emission Compound Toxicity Protocol_SINTEF
  • Evaluation of novel solvents_YALE

Phase 2

Process and atmospheric chemistry

  • Atmospheric Chemistry_Aqueous Phase Chemistry_Sintef
  • Atmospheric Chemistry_Nitrosamine Photolysis_Sintef
  • Atmospheric Chemistry_Chlorine Chemistry_Sintef
  • Proess Protocol_Sintef
  • Atmospheric Chemsitry_Comparison Cl and Br Chemistry_Tel-Tek
  • Atmospheric Chemsitry_Aqueous Phase Chemistry_Tel-Tek
  • Atmospheric Chemsitry_Dark Chemistry_Tel-Tek
  • Atmospheric Chemsitry_Chlorine Chemistry_Tel-Tek
  • Atmospheric Chemsitry_Nitrosamine Photolysis_Tel-Tek
  • Predicted products and solvent decay and experimental plan_Yale

Sampling and analysis

  • Establish analytical procedures_Sintef
  • Analysis and sampling methods_Rambøll
  • Verify manual sampling procedures_Sintef
  • Sampling and analytical procedures_Statoil

Toxicology

  • Alternative approaches to standard toxicity testing_option_NILU
  • Nitramine analysis procedure development and screening toxicity study_NILU

Emission dispersion model development

  • Atmospheric chemistry modelling_Executive Summary_DNV
  • Atmospheric chemistry modelling_final report_DNV
  • Deposition and soil transport modelling_DNV
  • Gaseous Phase Chemistry Modelling (initiated by hydroxyl radical)_CERC
  • Atmospheric chemistry modelling_Executive Summary_CERC

Emission reduction techniques

  • Emission quantification and reduction_WP 1 and 3_Sintef
  • Identification other ERT_WP4_Sintef
  • Validation of simulation models_WP2_Sintef

Publications: Based on all work carried out within this field and funded by all three branches of Gassnova several papers have been published. Here shown with two summary papers:

Gjernes, E., L.I. Helgesen, Y. Maree: «Health and Environmental impact of amine based post combustion CO2 capture”, Energy Procedia, Volume 37, 2013, page 735-742

Helgesen, L.I. and E. Gjernes: «A way of qualifying Amine Based Capture Technologies with respect to Health and Environmental Properties”, Energy Procedia, Volume 86, January 2016, page 239-251

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